White grub-like infection on leaf undersides/stems + hedge dieback = holly leaf miner (Phytomyza ilicicola). Fly lays eggs in leaf; larvae tunnel between surfaces → yellow-brown blotches.
Larvae protected inside leaf. Systemics move in sap → ingested by miners.
Parasitic wasps, birds. Avoid broad-spectrum sprays to conserve them.
Imidacloprid drench in early spring is the set-and-forget solution for hedge-scale infestations.
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