Black Dots on Blood Orange Leaves: Scale or Harmless Fungus?

The Observation

Hard black dots on leaf backs, with dark, twisted fronts. Heavy rains preceded the outbreak.

Two Possibilities

• Scale insects: Immobile, shell‑covered bumps that suck sap; honeydew leads to sooty mold (black coating).
• Shotgun fungus (Sphaerobolus): Harmless; shoots tiny spore balls from mulch onto leaves.

How to Tell

1. Touch the dots—scales are firm; fungus rubs off.
2. Send a sharp close‑up photo or take leaves to a nursery/Extension office.

Why ID Matters

Scales require insecticide (horticultural oil, systemic); shotgun fungus needs no treatment—just switch to non‑wood mulch.