Pongam Tree (Pongamia pinnata): The Oil-Rich, Nitrogen-Fixing Shade Tree

Pongam (Pongamia pinnata), also called Karum Tree, Poonga-Oil Tree, or Indian Beech, is a versatile, medium-sized evergreen native to tropical Asia and Australia. Valued for its oil-rich seeds, nitrogen fixation, and dense shade, it's a cornerstone of agroforestry and reforestation in the tropics.

Form & Function

A spreading tree to 35–50 feet with a broad canopy of glossy, pinnate leaves. Fragrant, pea-like flowers in shades of white, pink, and lavender appear in racemes. Fruits are flat, woody, indehiscent pods containing 1–2 seeds rich in non-edible oil (pongam oil) used for biodiesel, lamps, soap, and traditional medicine. The tree fixes atmospheric nitrogen via root nodules.

Taxonomy & Synonyms

• Family: Papilionaceae (Fabaceae)
• Genus: Pongamia
• Species: pinnata
• Synonyms: Pongamia glabra, Derris indica

Uses & Adaptability

Thrives in heat, humidity, drought, and saline soils. Tolerates flooding and poor soils. Used for shade in coffee/cacao plantations, windbreaks, and urban forestry. Seeds yield 30–40% oil—promising for sustainable biofuel. Press cake is a nitrogen-rich fertilizer. A true multi-purpose tree for tropical sustainability.