Anatomy of a Waterfall and Pond: Essential Components for a Healthy Water Garden

The ideal site for a water garden is on level ground where you can see and hear it from the house, patio, or garden bench. It must be within reach of electrical power (hire an electrician for wiring). Ensure a depth of 18-24 inches for plants and fish in most regions. Note: national codes require fencing for any pond deeper than 2 feet, though local codes may vary.

Waterfall

Terraced soil or stacked stones create the spillway. New waterfall boxes combine a waterfall and biological filter in a single unit.

Pond Plants

Plants work with filters and fish to reduce algae, consume carbon dioxide, and keep water clear. A wide variety can be grown in and near water; just keep them clear of waterfall splash.

• Marginal plants (cannas, flowering rush, Japanese iris, papyrus) grow in boggy soil at the pond's edge or in very shallow water. Underwater shelves provide planting platforms.
• Deep-water plants rest at least 18 inches below the surface (2 feet is common) with leaves and flowers floating. Examples: parrot's feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) and water lilies (Nymphaea), which add color in warm weather. Choose hardy varieties or tropicals (move tropicals to a greenhouse in cold climates).
• Free-floating plants like water lettuce (Pistia) dangle roots in water, absorbing nutrients.

Gravel

Fills spaces between rocks. For a natural look, mix two sizes (3/8-inch and 5/8-inch) in a wheelbarrow.

Rocks

Select angular yet rounded stones that stack well but won't puncture the liner.

Beach

Include a shallow, gravelly section accented with larger stones. Birds love it!

Pump and Filters

Pumps recirculate water and deliver it to the waterfall head. Filters trap debris and help keep water clean.

Liner

Best choice: flexible, UV-resistant 45-mil EPDM rubber, which is fish-safe, patchable, and warranted for 20+ years.

Plant Shelf

A ledge for potted plants, typically 1 foot below waterline and at least 1 foot wide, adjustable for plant needs.

Fish

They eat mosquito larvae and help balance the pond. Rule of thumb: 1 inch of fish per square foot of water surface. Add them 3-4 days after filling the pond.

Underlayment

A woven plastic padding sheet that protects the liner from punctures by rocks or sharp objects in the soil beneath.