The Biology of Fruit Development: From Pollination to Seed Dispersal

Fertilization Process

Fertilization begins when compatible pollen reaches a flower's stigma. A pollen grain contains two cells: one forms the pollen tube (growing through the style into an ovule); the other divides into two sperm. One fertilizes the egg; the other unites with another ovule cell to form the endosperm (nutrient supply for the embryo and sometimes the seedling).

Fruit Formation

Fertilization triggers seed coat formation around the embryo/endosperm. The ovary wall develops into the pericarp, which becomes the fruit in most species. Mature fruit may be fleshy (peaches, cherries) or dry (acorns, pea pods).

Ecological Roles

Fruit protects seeds until maturity and aids dispersal: maple seeds have winged structures for wind dispersal; dandelion seeds have parachutes. Birds and animals consume fruits, scattering seeds widely.