Goldfish = cold water (65–72°F optimal). Tropicals = warm water (76–82°F). Mixing forces compromise that stresses both.
When pond water hits 50°F consistently. Acclimate slowly (1 hr drip).
If pond >24" deep, add de-icer + aerator → leave goldfish out. They're evolved for it. Feeder comets are especially tough.
Shubunkin & Goldfish Reproduction: Egg Layers
Fish Deaths After Animal Carcasses in a Garden Pond
Black Spots on a Young Koi: Natural Sumi or Parasites?
Feeding Aggressive Koi in a Mixed Pond: Two-Spot Feeding Strategy
WD-40 Contamination in a 150-Gallon Pond: Emergency Response
Fish Leaping and Chasing in Spring: Spawning, Stress, or Parasites?
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