What Is Well-Drained Soil? Simple Test and Fixes

Every gardening guide demands "well-drained soil." What is it? Water infiltrates at a medium rate — not running off, not draining like a pulled plug. Ideal soil: ~half air space, half solid mineral, 2–5% organic matter. Under good conditions, half the air space holds water. Too wet = roots lack oxygen. Too much air/drainage = roots dry out.

Simple drainage test: Dig 12–18 inch wide/deep hole. Fill with water. Drains in ≤10 minutes = fast drainage. Takes ≥1 hour = poor drainage. Fix: build raised beds or add organic matter (well-rotted manure, compost, peat moss).